Main Characteristics Of The Three Analytical Frameworks...

In this essay, I will outline the main characteristics of the three analytical frameworks supply chain management (SCM), global commodity chains (GCCs) and global production networks (GPNs) and assess their strengths and weaknesses. The approaches differ and share similarities in their objectives, ideas, actors, perspectives, focus and conceptual tools. Firstly, Supply Chain Management approach is characterised in its focus on comparative advantage through cost and value advantage. It can be perceived as being too prescriptive in its insistence to evaluate the firm’s activities, how they interact to identify core competency areas or sources of comparative advantage, reach a ‘make or buy’ decision, where periphery activities are to be†¦show more content†¦The framework takes into account a limited number of actors including, the firm, suppliers and customers. However, although this carries a weakness for resulting in a narrow view with limited number of actors and too much focus on the firm, its strength lies in its deep focus into the firm which has laid the foundation on how firms operate, over which the GCC and GNP approach is built such as comparative advantage and flow of value. There is repeated emphasis on ‘interdependent relationship’ and coordination between parties within supply cha ins however â€Å"the authors appear to assume that everyone knows who is a member of the supply chain. There has been little effort to identify specific supply chain members, key processes that require integration or what management must do to successfully manage the supply chain.† (Lambert, Cooper ; 2000) Another important point outlined in this framework stemming from the comparative advantage concept is the alternative to vertical integration (Porter, 2004). To be a lead firm, it is not necessary to vertically integrate and to own all resources, it is more important to strategically position the firm to internalise core activities and externalise other activities. However, It is too focused on getting to the top of the chain and does not offer any insight to firms at the bottom of the chain on how to move up. Although, there is mention of varying bargaining power of firms with coalition partners influencing how gains are

Teenage Hypocrisy Free Essays

At no other time In life does a person feel more insecurity than during teenage. We are erratic and inconsistent. Our character is in the process of being formed but it is far from being finished. We will write a custom essay sample on Teenage Hypocrisy or any similar topic only for you Order Now The terrific insecurity produces the need to be accepted, respected and trusted. It is then that hypocrisy in its most innocent and faultless form takes birth because of our craving for these desires. But slowly as we continue to take this horrific curse of adolescence as a blessing, hypocrisy becomes our second nature. Almost involuntary. Think that at least once in our lives we all try becoming someone. Or try to pretend to be someone we are not. Just to be accepted. Just to fit in. But very rarely do we teenagers stop and think about what we are actually doing. About how we are losing our real selves while trying to be someone else. Someone we will never be. More importantly someone we don’t have to be. I think that at this tender age we fear to stand alone or to be left out. So we do everything we can to walk with the crowd. We try to cluster together in groups and fit ourselves into perfect moulds. It is however like jamming square nails in round slots. What we need to understand is the fact that there are no moulds o fit into. We all are individuals with different interests, hobbies, point of views, opinions, beliefs and priorities. We should never have to change ourselves or impersonate to be accepted. The type of things we do these days just to be accepted are in my opinion absurd! We conceal too much. We lie too much. We fake too much. All of us typical teenagers seem to have an unwritten set of rules and ethics that rule our lives. One often is to never say anything that may even be remotely offensive to anyone in your presence with the exception of profuse profanity. But the important thing is that you onto need to do this. In a few years when you look back to reassess the decisions you made and the things you did, you will realize how ridiculous your needs were. How you couldn’t see the reality through the fog of immaturity. Trust me that popular group you trying so hard to be a part of is not worth losing yourself. And can tell you that the people who you think love you right now, won’t even matter in a few years. You are bound fall apart as soon as the mask of hypocrisy falls, even if it is by accident. This is because we are never actually giving anyone a chance to know our real selves and to understand and accept us for who we actually are. Adolescence is a developmental phase which is prone to hypocrisy. So this teenage hypocrisy is a phase we all are going through or will be growing through. To a large extent teenage hypocrisy is a function of those expectations of adults and peers which conflict with our own feelings and desires. So is important to remember who we are and where do we want to be. And to grow out of this phase of regrets. Unfortunately some of us usually end up believing that hypocrisy is vital to survive in this world of frauds and lies. But that’s not true. It is important that we accept ourselves and understand that our individuality is not going to isolate us but rather give us a chance to welcome those people in our lives who will accept us for who we are and not for who they think we are. So stand for what you believe in, state what you really feel and don’t worry about what others will think. In a nutshell all want to say is that don’t ever change yourself for anyone or anything. That person you are trying to be is not half as awesome as you are. Learn to respect you uniqueness. Because you are one of a kind. How to cite Teenage Hypocrisy, Papers

7 Eleven Case Inquiry Samples for Students †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Case Inquiry of 7 Eleven Company. Answer: Introduction: 7 Eleven is a company that is dealing with the convenience matters. An US based company has certain branch stores all over the world In Australia, the branch store had been opened in the year 1977. It is one of the emerging stores in the history of convenience and by the time, there are almost 626 stores have been launched in various parts of the Australia. There is an enthusiasm noticed among the people to franchising the business and it resulted into an increment regarding the number of the franchisee for the store in Australia. The popularity of the stores was spreading all over and as per the annual report for the year 2005, the number of transaction had reached 185 million. The company was working as a motivation to the other franchisees of the Australia. The problem arose in the year 2008 when a rumour regarding the companys ill treatment regarding the workers had been spread. It was contended by the Fair Work Ombudsman that the company is engaging in the under payment system and violating the rules mentioned under the Employment Relationship (Abdu, 2013). An inquiry to find out the same had been initiated by the Fair Work inspectors and some shocking facts were come into light. According to the law, the duties of the company toward the employees are statutory-based and the provisions should not be violated at any cost. Therefore, any breach regarding the provisions will be treated as violation of laws and the outcomes of that can be serious in nature. Discussion: Summary of the inquiry An inquiry had been done in the office of the 7 Eleven in the year 2014 by the Fair Work inspector to find out the reasons behind the allegations made against the company. It was alleged that the company is violating the rules regarding the employment relation and the Fair Work Act 2009. The inspectors were suddenly raid in seven stores of the company and it was found that there were certain loopholes present in the stores. The company was not maintained the office record properly and there was no CCTV footage of the night shift works. There was a discrimination occurred regarding the migrated employees and they were not get their remuneration properly. The company has not followed up the rules of the International Labour Organisation. After the inquiry report has been published, the company had to face serious criticism (Bray, 2013). The outcome of the inquiry had made serious impacts on the Australian Industry and the franchisee business had to change their policies regarding the e mployees or the workers. Reason for the inquiry: It has been complained by certain workers of the company regarding the disputed remuneration system and discrimination that they have to face within the premises of the company stores. There were a number of complain had been made against the company and certain reports have been submitted to the tribunal of the Fair Work Committee. The committee had revealed that there were dissatisfaction within the employees regarding the acts of the company has been arose and the effects of this created implication on the family of the workers. In the year 2014, the Fair Work Ombudsman had made an inquiry and raid in the several stores of the company all of a sudden with an intention to trace out the allegations and the loopholes. The roots of the allegations were first time cropped up in the year 2006. It was alleged by an organisation, working for the interest of the workers that the company is gaining profits by way of cheating the migrated workers and there was no extra benefits offered to the workers for the night shift job or for the over times. Allegations were also made regarding the poor scale of money given to the workers and the company was not followed the payroll norms regarding the matter. Major findings: The Fair Work inspectors were found that the company had intricately involved in the allegation and they had made a serious breach regarding their duties. There is a non-compliance regarding the working criteria had been followed and the Fair Works Ombudsman identified the same. There was a serious laxity regarding the maintenance of the payroll record had been observed (Briton, 2015). There were no specific principles in the company regarding the compliance of the provisions of the employment relations and therefore, the company was engaged with the non-compliance procedure by not paying the proper wages to the employees. The inspectors interrogated the young staffs of the company and it was found that they are facing more trouble than the older workers are. The reason behind the troubles can be characterised as they are quite novice than the older staffs. It has also been found that the records kept by the company are disputed in nature. There was a serious discrepancy found in the records and in the CCTV footage. It had been alleged that there were a number of employees appointed in various branches of the company and they had worked in the stores at night in a daily manner. However, there were no CCTV footage regarding the same found and the employees were not getting their wages at time. Therefore, it is clear from the report of the inquiry commission that the company had failed to secure the interest of the employees and there had been a serious gap made regarding the employment relationship system . The company 7 Eleven was a popular name among the convenience stores and many persons were opted for taking the franchisee of the same. It was revealed from the report of the inquiry that more than half of the franchisees were inexperienced in that field and they did not know to manage the situation properly. The mentality of the company regarding the under payment had been clarified regarding the appointment of the employees. There was a leaning mentality of the company to appoint the migrated people observed and the company used to cheat the workers harshly (Chiao, 2013). It has been observed that the company was not kept the records properly and there were not any proof or documents that can lead towards the appointment of the migrated employees or the workers working at the night. Furthermore, the migrated workers had to face certain penalties during the works and the rules of the penalties were not according to the provisions of the Fair Work Act 2009. Gaps in the Australian Employment Relation System: Employment relation means the relation in between the workers and the employers it. Under the relationship, both thee workers and the employers have certain duties owed to each other. It is the utmost duty of the employers to secure the rights of the employees, as they are subordinate to the employers. The employees are devoted themselves in the work and the employers are gaining benefit regarding the same (Chopra, 2017). The employers are devoted to the workers reciprocally. The term workers include migrated as well as the private workers. Under the Fair Work Act and certain provisions of the ER system, it is the right of the every worker to get remuneration and extra fees for the works and if there is any breach happened, the appropriate rules will be applicable on the same. The Australian Employment Relation System is quite similar to the British system. The labour parties influence the employment relation system and the effects of the parties have been developed since 2009. The Australian economic system is very much depended on the service sector. In Australia, there is a yawning gap can be observed. The gap was created as there are certain dissimilarities cropped up regarding the definition and scope of the ER system. The primary motto of the system is to protect the interest of the employees. The acts of the employers are subjected to the rules mentioned by the Fair Work Act and the International Labour Organisation. The common rule regarding the employees is they should be paid fairly as against any job. No employees shall be discriminated by the employers during performing the job. If there is no fixed remuneration given to the employee, it is their right to get certain benefits from the employer. In the modern times, the employers at Australia are involved in the coercion process and trying to cheat the employees to get certain extra profits from the business. The employers have done manipulation and they are not paying the employees properly. In the present case, the problem arose regarding the underpayment problems and discrepancies regarding the official record (Endo, 2014). The workers are performing their job for the sake of the company and it is their right to get proper fees for the same. In case of the over time, they are entitled to get extra fees. However, in the present case, the company had not paid the employees and there were grudge regarding the same were aggravated within the workers. Therefore, it can be stated that the acts of the company had violated the terms of the employment relations and a gap has been generated regarding the same. In the federal system of Australia, States are playing certain important role regarding the Employment Relation. The States are intervened in the system to govern the political influence in the employment sectors. The economy of Australia is mostly depended on the employment sector and the States are interfered in the subject to regulate the income and prices. It is the duty of every States to maintain the balance regarding the employer and the employees. It is the foremost duty of the State to look into the employment matter so that the interest of the employees is not being harmed. Therefore, States are playing important role in the employment relation system (Grasso, 2015). The 7 Eleven company had made serious breach regarding the norms of the employment law and the interest of the employees are very much affected by the acts of the company. The company did not pay up many employees properly and the migrated employees and the fresher were discriminated by the company (Li, 2016). It was revealed by the inquiry report that the company had not maintained the records regarding the appointment of the employees and the inquiry team had to face a number of problems regarding the same. therefore, it can be said that the company was engaged into the wrongful method to earn benefits and misrepresented the image of the company by coerce the employees and the same made a gap in the Employment relation system of Australia . Implication of the inquiry: In the case of the 7 Eleven, there was a leaning mentality of the company has been observed towards the employees at large. 7 Eleven was popular in the convenience sector and the franchisee system of Australia was inter-connected with the company. The transaction amount of the company for the year 2008 was near about 183 million. However, the Australian Employment sectors were shocked when the information regarding the companys violation as against the employment laws are observed. The Fair Work Inspector in the several stores of the company has conducted an inquiry (Pekarek, 2016). The findings made by the inquiry were shown the naked truth behind the allegation and rocked the Australian industries. The sudden raid by the officials blocked all the easy pass of the company and the discrepancies were pointed out easily. Immense criticism was made in the news and in the media regarding the same and the industrial society of Australia was affected by the steps. Many leading news papers in Australia held the significance of the case and expose the various aspects of the report made by the inquiry commission. It was stated by The Guardian that the employees were affected by the arbitrary decisions of the company and many employees were beaten up when they had tried to make complaint against the waging disputes (MORAN, 2014). The grievance of the workers were accumulated regarding the under waging system of the company and almost 2500 complaints were made before the Senate Employment Committee against the company. Apart from the under waging system, discrimination regarding the workers were another emerging problem in 7 Eleven. It was alleged by many workers of the company that they had to work at night and did not get the fees in time. Sometimes, they are paid in half. Sydney Morning Herald reported that after the report of the inquiry commission got published, the illegal acts of the company came into light and the company paid a lump sum amount to the employees (Webster, 2017). It is important to create a balance between the employer and the employees and it was the primary motto of the inquiry. In the industry of Australia, the franchisee structure is very common. In the modern times, there are many allegations made against the company and the directors. Every company has the leaning nature to earn profit and they are engaging themselves in the illegal process. In Australia, there are much legislation enacted to secure the interest of the employees and certain duties have been prescribed for the company or the employers. However, breaches have been made in this respect and the case of 7 Eleven is one of the instances (Robertson, 2013). The sudden raid of the investigators are helped the other companies to get a chance to change the loopholes, if any. The under payment process is bad in nature. It affects the sentiment of the workers at large and the interest as well. The administrative system of the company had also been affected by the non-compliance natu re of the company. There were no specific compliance rule mentioned in the constitution and the rules of the company. Therefore, the employers of the company got a chance to deceive the workers and deprived them from the proper wages (Wu, 2014). However, when the report of the inquiry was come into the lights, the gap in the employment relations has been revealed. The real face of the company was exposed and it has to face criticism regarding the same. before the inquiry, there were many complaint had been made against the company but the company had not change its mentality regarding the under payment system. However, after the commencement of the inquiry, the status of the company was affected and the discrepancies were exposed (Settle, 2014). The company was paying the employees who were suffered by the wrongful acts of the company, and the company had to take oath regarding the compliance of the rules of the Fair Work Act. Other related companies were also took lesson from the case and therefore, it can be stated that the inquiry had created implication not only on the respective company, but on the Australias industry as well. Conclusion: Therefore, from the above written paragraphs, the notion has been clarified that the case of 7 Eleven has certain implication regarding the franchisee section of Australia. It has been observed that there are many Acts regarding the employment security but the employers violate the provisions of the Acts. The notion is supported by the report published on behalf of the inquiry commission. The complaints made against the company were proved by the inquiry and the loopholes were verified. Certain gaps regarding the employment relation have been made and the matters of the company were criticised by the media and the government. The scandal regarding the company had exposed the dark side of the industrial companies and the positions of the workers in the continents of Australia. References Abdu, G. (2013). Analysis of consumer behavior affecting consumer willingness to buy in 7-eleven convenience store. Universal Journal of Management, 69-75. Bray, J. R. (2013). Reflections on the Evolution of the Minimum Wage in Australia: Options for the Future. Briton, B. (2015). 7-Eleven scandal: The tip of a low-wage iceberg. Guardian (Sydney). Chiao, Y. C. (2013). FamilyMart: Responses to Competitive Rivalry in the Convenience Store Market in Taiwan. Asian Case Research Journal, 339-358. Chopra, S. . (2017). Seven-Eleven Japan Co. Kellogg School of Management Case. Endo, G. (2014). How Convenience Stores have Changed Retail and Distribution in Thailand? A Comparative Business History of 7-Eleven Stores in Japan and Thailand. (Japanese Studies Journal), 87-106. Grasso, M. (2015). The risks of underpayment. Australian Veterinary Journal, 93(1), N22. Heitner, H. . (2013). Cardiology in Family Practice. A practical guide. investigation, J. o. (2013). Reccent advances in . the molecular pathophysiology of atrial fibrillation. , p2955-2968. Li, J. C. (2016). Underpayment of wages and wage distortion in China: an empirical assessment of the 20032008 period. Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy, 26-52. Lip, . L. (2013). Stroke prevention with oral anticoagulation therapy. Circulation Journal, Volume 77(6), pp1380-1388. . Mooney. (2013). Use of dabigatran to prevent stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation. .Nursing standard, Volume 27(27), , pp 35-41. MORAN, L. J. (2014). CHAPTER ELEVEN MANAGING THE CRITICAL INDEPENDENCIES. Law and Popular Culture: International Perspectives. Pekarek, A. . (2016). Unions and collective bargaining in Australia in 2015. Journal of Industrial Relations, 356-371. Robertson, S. (2013). Campus, City, Networks and Nation: Student?Migrant Activism as Socio?spatial Experience in Melbourne, Australia. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 972-988. Schalij, V. E. (2014). Amiodarone: an effective antiarrhythmic drug with unusual side effects. Heart, Volume , 96(19). Settle, P. J. (2014). Socioeconomic differences in outdoor food advertising at public transit stops across Melbourne suburbs. Australian and New Zealand journal of public health, 414-418. Use of dabigatran to prevent stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation. (2013). Nursing standard,, Volume 27(27), pp 35-41.41. Van Erven, L., Schalij, M. J. (2010)Amiodarone: an effective antiarrhythmic drug with unusual side effects. . (2013). Heart, Volume 96(19), 96(19). Wakili, Voigt, Kb, Nattel, D. (2014). Reccent advances in the molecular pathophysiology of atrial fibrillation. Journal of clinical investigation, p2955-2968. Wang, J. H. (n.d.). Key success factor in ready-meal suppliers entering convenience stores. Anthropologist. Webster, J. (2017). More than underpayments and civil penaltiesTaking a strategic approach to regulatory workplace relations litigation. Journal of Industrial Relations. Wu, S. I. (2014). The correlation of CSR and consumer behavior: A study of convenience store. International Journal of Marketing Studies, 66.

The Role of Sampling in Statistics Essay Example

The Role of Sampling in Statistics Essay In statistics, a sample is a section of the subject chosen for a study.   In most cases sample will to be taken because a given subject area to be researched has a large number of participating population.   If a decision is made to make some kind of a study on a given subject, a population for example, it is easy to take a sample and work with the sample to arrive at whatever is intended on the outset, which in most cases is to make a statistical calculation that could be about the samples opinion on a given subject matter, such as voting for example.   The reason why taking samples is important is because of the large number of the population or groups that will be targeted.   Such a process of obtaining information to infer and extrapolate an outcome from a collected data goes by the name known as sampling.   There is always effort exerted to avoid bias when taking samples, which means the outcome of the finding will have to be unbiased as much as possible and that is wh en the accuracy of the data could be relied upon.   [1] If someone wants to make a certain study that pertains to women and if the sample is taken only from women who are working in an office environment, it will miss its target, and will not be representative, because the bigger population of women might not be working in the office.   There are stay-at-home moms, there are those who are working in various fields that do not involve working in an office environment, there are those who could be unemployed and cannot be included in the sample that will be taken from offices.   The solution for this problem is to make the sample random or a probability sample because it will be a better representative of the diverse women population and those that are not working in the office could also be included. We will write a custom essay sample on The Role of Sampling in Statistics specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Role of Sampling in Statistics specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Role of Sampling in Statistics specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer When dealing with samples the first key aspect to pay attention to is â€Å"external validity†, which focuses on the approximate truth of the conclusion or how the conclusion will be applicable to other subjects that are in different places, and how it would hold if used at a different time.   There are two known general approaches to arrive at a conclusion through a finding made by conducting a research.   The first one is sampling model where like it was mentioned, it is possible to target a subject or a population and take a sample to conduct the required research and most of the time the finding could be relied upon and could be used to arrive at a conclusion.   But it is possible label the sample as biased, which means no matter how careful the process had been, there is a possibility of a bias.   [2] The other approach called Proximal Similarity Model that was suggested by Donald Campbell can be used to take varied samples by keeping in mind different components of the general subject, population or locations, or different times in the future.   This is if the subject are people who are not in the group when the sample is being taken they will be kept in mind in such a way that the finding will have relevance to them too. The same applies to those who could be in a different location other than where the research is being conducted and they will also get the same consideration, where if the finding is used in the future it will still hold some reliability. There is an inherent threat with external validity that will make the final conclusion wrong because of the three components involved namely people, place, and time.   Because the validity of the finding could always be argued for as simple a reason as not choosing the right kind of people or the right kind of place, or time.   It is possible to point out a bias after the conclusion is final, which means although generalizing is possible, still the degree of the acceptance could come down on the scale. However, it is possible to minimize the mistake by being extra careful when taking the sample and by doing it randomly.  Ã‚   Another way of defending a validity of a finding is by working on the proximal similarity, by simply covering the extra mile in taking the samples from various groups and various locations.   It is also possible to use different times so that the findings will not be influenced by a given incident or event. Another important aspect of sampling is, knowing exactly who the target is or to whom the finding will be important.   Because there are situations where a certain finding could have a universal acceptance, for example.   If we are talking about people, it should be applicable to all humans.   Or if we are talking about a group living in a given area then the scope will be narrower, but in most cases what is applicable in a finding for one location should be applicable somewhere else with a degree of bias we can live with.   Still, no matter how careful we are, there will always be those who are not accessible from the group for various reasons and will force the finding to lean on the theoretical aspect of the finding.   In practice the â€Å"sampling frame† from where the sampling is derived from will not be complete in most cases, because of inaccessible population, yet all effort should be exerted to minimize the theorizing aspect of the finding. Yet even if thin gs go right for the most part, it might not possible to completely eliminate the bias simply because something could go wrong. Another interesting aspect of sampling is it is possible to take different but similar samples from the same population, which means, why take only one sample when it is possible to take more samples. The advantage is it would be possible to look at different outcomes and according to many findings, chances are the final outcome will be similar.   What this means is if we draw a graph all the graphs will have a bell shape although some extreme outcome cannot be ruled out, but it is rare.   The idea is the more sample we are able to take, our chance of arriving at what is known as a the parameter† will be high. The parameter is what will normally be arrived at if the whole group or population had been surveyed, which means as the number of the sample increases, the possibility of comparing and arriving at a better result is there.   Eventually the statistical finding will be more than generalizing, but the problem is if that was always possible, there is no need to be both ered with statistics.   The other advantage of taking a bigger number of samples is to bring down the â€Å"standard deviation†, which by itself would lead to a lower â€Å"standard error†.   The reason for that is even if it is avoided because of impracticality, the ideal approach would have been to go for the parameter, but it would be very expensive and time consuming, hence the main reason why taking sample is involved.   [3] In the world of sampling there is a â€Å"probability sampling† and it uses a random selection method.   There has to be some kind of a mechanism in order to carry out a random selection from a given group and the mechanism used will have to ascertain that the various components or participants will have equal probability of being chosen.   A â€Å"simple random sampling† has a few methods for it and what the aim is to choose a certain number of samples from a given group. The latest and the fastest way of doing that is using the various computer programs, which include EXCEL spreadsheet and using the RAND () function will do it automatically.   However, in spite of the fact that simple random may seem to be fair and correct for the most part, the possibility that not a good representative of the subjects might not be chosen is there affecting its efficiency and reliability. The other sampling method that acknowledged to be more accurate is â€Å"stratified random sampling†.   How it works is by dividing the subjects into visible subgroups and then it is possible to perform random sampling on each subgroup.   The advantage, of course, is there will not be a subgroup under representation since covering every possibility will be possible. In addition, the statistical precision is much higher and it gets better if the subjects are homogeneous. There is also â€Å"systematic random sampling†, which comes more handier and for it to work there will have to be a given number such as 1 – N, then deciding on the size of its components is required. There also has to be an interval and to make it work if the interval starts at k=N/n= the outcome will be the interval size.   Once randomly selected an integer between 1 k the number to take will the kth unit.   In order to accomplish this keeping the subjects random is required and its advantage is it is easy to work on, where all that is required is picking a random number.   Furthermore, it is always precise and when things get a bit complicated, it might be the only way out. The useful random sampling is â€Å"cluster random sampling† and it is mostly handy when a vast geographical area is involved, where a lot of distance-covering geographically will be involved.   Therefore, it is easy to come up with a clustering system where dividing the involved groups is possible using a geographic boundary, for example, and taking random sampling on each cluster and compare the outcome of the total cluster to arrive at a conclusion is possible.   When the need comes to combine the above mentioned cluster random sampling the process involved is â€Å"multi-stage-sampling†.   Sometimes after introducing cluster sampling there might be a need to apply stratified sampling in order to do an effective job and such mixing of the sampling is what is called multi-stage- sampling, because first comes the cluster sampling and in order to complete that effectively stratified sampling might be applied. The other sampling method that is believed to be more accurate is â€Å"stratified random sampling† and how it works is the subject or the population will be divided into visible subgroups and then it is possible to perform random sampling on each subgroup.   The advantage, of course, is there will not be a subgroup misrepresentation because it is possible to cover every possibility.   In addition, the statistical precision is much higher and it gets better if the subjects are homogeneous. The sampling that does not involve random sampling is known as â€Å"non-probability sampling† and it tends to be less reliable because of the lack of applying the â€Å"probability theory† and the end result could be, it could go either ways, to the point where it could be difficult to tell if it might have been possible to do a good representation or not. Even if that is the case for the most part researchers prefer to rely on probabilistic sampling, but there could be cases where applying it might be unavoidable. Non-probability sampling has two main types, â€Å"accidental† and â€Å"purposive†.   The accidental or haphazard samplings are incidents where the news media, for example, would go out on the street and approach anyone to get an opinion on a certain matter and it is not possible to say that individual is a fair representative of the population at large.   Or in some cases researchers could prefer high school or college students to make researches on certain subjects simply because there is a concentration of individuals that could be well informed on certain matter that might pertain to them, but in no way they can represent the population at large.   In clinical research it had been customary to use clients that are available and but might not be represent the of the overall population or at times volunteers could be involved where in some circumstances payment could be awarded.   Even if it is possible to get an opinion, it still might fall short of represen ting the overall population. On the other hand â€Å"purposive sampling† like its name states is done by having a given purpose in mind and it could be quick.   A good example is if a big company wants to know what its customers are thinking about the goods and services it offers, it could hire interviewers who will approach the customers while they enter the store or when they leave and will ask them certain questions.   Here it is possible to make mistakes as those who are visiting that store might be a representative of a particular subgroup that just happened to be there because of the location or because of the other businesses that are located around the particular business. Alternatively, if it is a regular day the visitors could be of a certain subgroup, and the same is applicable if it is a weekend.   The point made here is the subjects might not be the proper targets and the outcome might not be as reliable as a method that uses a proper random sampling method. Purposive sampling has different catagories and one is for example â€Å"Modal Instance Sampling† where the target is the most frequent case or the typical case.   While interviewing individuals there could be certain aspects that will influence them to give certain answers such as age, education, and income level.  Ã‚   Without knowing those aspects it will be difficult to rely on the typical or modal findings to be representative of the public at large. Religion and ethnicity also can play roles when individuals are giving quick answers and the interviewer has so much leeway to ask those questions without stepping over with what is normally unacceptable subject matter such as marital status, the size of the family, occupation could also make such a difference.   Therefore, any finding made through modal instance sampling could end up being an informal finding. There is â€Å"expert sampling† that fall in the same category and it involves bringing together experts in a form of a panel to ask about a modal survey that was made so that when the result is released the findings will have the backing of the experts.   That gives a boost to the reliability of the findings and the only time there will be a problem is if the experts themselves are wrong, which is a rarity, and it means if a modal instant sampling had been conducted, to be in the safe side it will be advisable to back it up with expert sampling, because nothing goes wrong most of the time. Another part of â€Å"purposive sampling† is â€Å"Quota Sampling† where a predetermined number of subjects will have to be approached and for no reason, that quota will be changed.   If the idea is to approach 50 female students and 50 male students in a college setup even if there is a shortage from one group and it is possible to make up from the other, it will not be allowed.   If there is a shortcoming on this sampling it is that in advance the characteristic has to be determined and if there is no success or if there is a shortage, adjustment could be made by lowering the number and the reliability of the data might suffer.  Ã‚   This in fact is proportional quota sampling.   The non-proportional quota sampling is not concerned about the exact number per se as long as there are enough of participants and collecting the data could go on and could be inferred to arrive at the desired result.   This method gets the credited for making sure even small groups will have a part to play and is similar to stratified sampling. Another part of purpose sampling is â€Å"heterogeneity† sampling where the drive here is to come up with certain working or popular ideas and what is involved in most instances is brainstorming of a group of people to see if they come up with the desired new ideas.   Therefore, there is concern about average instances and the number of people does not matter as long as it is possible to have enough number to participate.   Because of that the participants should be as heterogeneous as possible in spite of their number. One other sampling method that fall in the same category is â€Å"Snowball Sampling† where the participants will have to meet certain circumstances and once they qualify they will be asked to recommend others, which would work most of the time.   This method could be good to get access into some groups that have accessibility problem.   [4] The conclusion is it is difficult to say one method is the best and meets all the requirements, which means each method has its own advantage that has to be evaluated by the researchers on their drive to arrive at a conclusion that is very much closer to the reality.   However, in the field of taking surveys in a form of opinions, what is accepted is generalizing so that those who are using the information will know what the commonly held outlook about a certain matter is, hence they could form their own opinion based on that.   There is no scientific guarantee that states the findings are this much precise and close to the truth.   Such information, however, is much more important to those who will make important decisions based on it, because the finding might be the only available tool on their hand to help them make important decisions and they would have no choice other than taking a chance. It is proven that survey makes a lot of difference in business decision making because businesses are heavily dependant on feedback and that is why they spend a lot of money on surveys.   Other entities like governments can use surveys too since it is the only means that will give them a good glimpse into what kind belief, opinion, or stand the public has when they try to implement certain strategies.   Hence, sampling is one of the tools statistics rely upon to gather information about certain matters and the reason why a representative sample is used is, it is cost effective.

Duffy depicts women as victims in the worlds wife Essays

Duffy depicts women as victims in the worlds wife Essays Duffy depicts women as victims in the worlds wife Paper Duffy depicts women as victims in the worlds wife Paper Essay Topic: Carol ann Duffy Poems The Worlds Wife by Carol Ann Duffy depicts women as victims Analyse three poems showing how far you agree with this statement.  The Worlds Wife explores Duffys strong and, at times, controversial views on the women who have been traditionally overshadowed by their husbands. Duffy deliberately chooses to study women who are ignored or despised by their husbands or lovers, making it easier to portray women as victims. However the victimisation of the women within this book of poetry is not nessacerily all down to men, Duffy conveys different types of victims, ones who are self deistructive and those isolated and neglected by their patner. By giving these unheard of women a voice, duffy provides us with a perspective and illustrates struggles which epitomize those that average women face. The poem Medusa by Carol Ann Duffy explores how a womans self destructive nature can lead to becoming a victim. The use of first person narrative gives the poem a monological structure similar to other poems by Duffy such as The Devils Wife. Duffy uses various linguistic and literally features to create an emotional account of Medusas thoughts and feelings, through doing so she suggests that she has become a victim of her own feelings and insecurities. The personal accounts within the poem help the reader to empathise with Medusa, she describes events in her life as terrifying this build up of sympathy is totalled with the use of rhetorical questions at the end of the poem Wasnt I beautiful, Wasnt I fragrant and young?. These questions make the reader view Medusa as a victim, rather then the common portrayal of her as a evil monster Duffy creates the air of innocence throughout the poem by having the character relate to human feelings such as love  . When the reader learns that Medusa cries There are bullet tears in my eyes it instantly creates a connection between the speaker and audience as crying is a human emotion that cannot be duplicated. The harsh consonants and jerky irregular pace emphasises the bitter remorselessness she feels towards her husband and reflects the negativity with which she views her world. Similarly a victim is also portrayed in the poem Mrs Quasimodo. Initially Mrs Quasimodo is presented as self contained, however very aware and insecure her deformities. The poem takes an abrupt, aggressive tone which mirrors her change of heart after her husbands betrayal. Duffy deliberately creates a character filled with self-loathing and plays on the destructive emotions she feels in order to create sympathy in the reader in the same way as she does medusa. Although we can empathise with the persona Duffy has created, we also feel uncomfortable with the brutality and crudeness within the poem. Duffy uses the ugly jarring words such as gargling and boiled to describe her appearance, juxtaposed dramatically to that of the bells long, sexy chimes. This contrast of beauty and ugliness shows the true extent of her self-awareness and allows the female audience to relate to her feelings. Soon the light hearted self pity turns to miserable anger after her husbands betrayal. He makes her feel worthless when he looks fondly on a beautiful gipsy and makes her feel no more love than stone. This comparison to a lifeless stone illustrates how cold hearted she has become and depicts her as a victim of her husbands mistreatment. In the poem Mrs Sisyphus, Duffy creates a persona for a woman suffering isolation from her husband in favour of his work, an issue that again, no doubt, a number of female readers can relate to. Mrs Sisyphus husbands interests and focus lie elsewhere, and due to this she becomes one of the books many female victims. The first 5 lines of the opening stanza serve to establish the bitter nature of their relationship. The rhyming couplets end with harsh sounds derk and berk mirroring her feelings of hatred and frustration towards him while quickening the pace of the poem. Towards the end of the poem the rhyming couplets become softer and reveal her changing emotions, she once felt angered and still does but her feelings of rage have developed into sadness and longing for her husband. By using a switch in tone, Duffy creates a more poignant atmosphere but I lie alone in the dark this suggestion of loneliness creates empathy in the reader and depicts Mrs Sisyphus as a victim of her husbands neglecting behaviour. The sympathy Duffy creates in her readers allows the poems to take a lighter tone and suggests possible humour in places. By dedicating her entire book the voice of women who have gone unnoticed for so many years she directly opposes the idea that masculinity has dominated history, fiction and myth. The three poems I have analysed and many others in the book put a humorous slant on feminism and suggest that the relationship between the genders and the sexes is not defined by a hierarchical of power, resulting in the impression that men are always oppressors with women as their helpless victims.

Thesis Methodology

Thesis Methodology Thesis Methodology Thesis Methodology Writing style is often context-specific. If a thesis involves a quantitative thesis methodology, it is advisable to find writing that reflects that paradigm, emphasizing statistical accuracy and formal expression, such as 'it was found' or 'the data suggest'. For a more qualitative or phenomenological methodology, writing often reflects a less formal style, with greater use of quotations from subjects or from other sources. You should investigate the language and style used in other theses, articles and research projects in your area; ask your supervisor to give you feedback on your style of thesis writing. Thesis Dissertation Writing Whatever your thesis area is, the thesis should be written in an appropriately formal style. This generally means avoiding slang expressions, contractions and jargon writing a thesis. While the style should be formal and the arguments are likely to be complex, this doesn't mean that the thesis should be verbose or hard to read. A complex argument means that you need to pay more attention to a clear structure and flow of ideas; you must maintain the interest of the reader. It is worth discussing with your supervisor what degree of detail and (abbreviated) jargon is appropriate for the different chapters of your thesis methodology. Some candidates fall into the trap of writing very complex text, trying to convey everything they know, in order to persuade the examiners that they have done a lot of work. This can result in a dense and difficult-to-read thesis, filled with long paragraphs and lengthy sentences, with the result that the reader loses track of the argument. This sort of verbose text is likely to annoy a reader and may even cause them to disagree with your argument. Most research theses involve analysis of complex data and/or issues, drawing on a wide variety of previous research. This naturally produces complexity in both your argument and your analysis. But don't confuse complex arguments with verbosity. Writing thesis chapter should be done in such a way that it can be easily followed and understood. But while simplification in writing is a virtue, over-simplification is not. Again, it comes down to balance - and your thesis supervisor is a good person to advise you on whether you are striking an appropriate balance. Custom Thesis offers you an opportunity to order thesis methodology writing assistance.   We are available 24/7 and we are able to help you with any thesis writing assignment despite of the topic and urgency of delivery.   Feel free to contact us to learn more about our prices and services!

Create an Organizational Assessment and Development Plan Assignment

Create an Organizational Assessment and Development Plan - Assignment Example ing unit that the organization is operating is on a medium scale and the entire workforce comprises of approximately 150 people, one third of who are full-time employees, one third working on contracts and the rest of the one third workforce is employed on a part time basis. The business has a shamrock model formation and it allows the organization to enjoy a greater fluidity of talent. (Clawson, 2001). The employees are mainly involved in the following three activities: either they work on the manufacturing plant, the planning, procurements & marketing departments or they are involved with the deliveries and logistics of the finished goods. Most of the full time employees and those working on contracts come under these three categories, and all of the office staff, the secretaries, office helpers and other staff are mostly hired on a part time basis. Currently, the business is running at a good profit margin and being in the industry for all these years has helped these manufacturers make a name for themselves in the market targeted mainly towards the consumers who want to buy freshly baked goods such as bread, breakfast rolls etc which are priced strategically so that they fall in between the mass manufactured baked goods offered by larger brands and the expensively exclusive products offered by specialty delis. These younger people have also been working in the same business for most of their lives and are very much familiar with the ropes of their organization. Their ultimate aim in trying to employ an organizational development plan is to increase the productivity of their operations. However, another big concern for the owners is the fact that there is a seeming lack of organizational values among the staff. Although the people who are working full-time and part-time have been with the organization for a long time, there is a lack of organizational affinity among the people working part time for the business. Another cause for concern is the fact that

How does carnival reflex the culture from where it comes from And Essay

How does carnival reflex the culture from where it comes from And Consider the nature of carnival - Essay Example Carnival and related activities are generally a transformation of local traditional beliefs and rituals. Different rituals in carnivals are validated on the belief that they bring good fortune, solve problems, and appease out angry forefathers passed in a new world. Carnivals reflect the culture from where they originate. Following discussions will bring out the cultural reflections from rituals and celebrations of carnivals. Three carnivals, Carnival of Veneza, Notting Hill Carnival and Australian Carnival Mardi Grass are discussed in particular to show how different rituals are influenced from the land of their origin. All carnivals, from Rio to Australian Mardi Gras, give a peek in to the culture of their origin. Carnival in Rio de Janeiro is considered as one of the biggest show of celebration on the earth. It is best example of cultural reflections on carnivals. Samba, a dance brought over by African slaves with them, is the main attraction of the celebration. The dance has seen a rapid transformation over years, it was fused with the choros, street bands of Brazil, but still its vivacious color and free spirited movements reflects an African culture and reminds of its historical evolution. The history of carnival of Veneza dates back to 2nd May 1268. Carnival starts around two weeks before Ash Wednesday and ends on Shrove Tuesday or Mardi Gras, the day before Ash Wednesday. Traditionally, masks have been central theme of the celebrations. People wear different types of Venetian masks such as Bauta, Moretta and Larva and disguise themselves as a symbolism of social and economical equality. Wearing of masks has been prohibited many times under different governments citing different political and religious issues and the carnival was dormant for several centuries. The origin of carnival of Veneza has several historical significances. It

Personal Position paper on Psychotherapy Essay Example for Free

Personal Position paper on Psychotherapy Essay Introduction â€Å"People are always changed by disasters, and other life events, but they need not be damaged by them.† -John D. Weaver   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   When we study human behavior, specifically focusing on the development of personality and crucial to how a person or individual conducts him/herself, psychology offers a variety of dimensions. The concept of personality is central to our attempt to understand ourselves and others and is part of the way in which we account for the differences that contribute to our individuality. Psychologists have been particularly concerned with shaping of the personality in relation to genetic and environmental influences. We have been fortunate that the study of human personality has been thriving and fruitful. We can choose from as many models we can to help us see ourselves better and maintain good relationships.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the course of our study, every individual counselor – therapist eventually develops his/her own approach in the therapeutic process. The path that the practitioner takes concerning his/her choice of approach or model depends a lot on his/her own personal preferences, personality and understanding of human nature. An eclectic approach is usually the direction that anyone in this field would take; however, certain emphasis is made on some specific positions simply because these are the dominant theories which help guide him/her in focusing the essentials of the process with the client.   Though the attempt is said to be eclectic then, the therapist still has this open option to change or vary some details of his/her strategy along the course of the interaction or treatment phases. Discussion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There is a need for integration not only for its theoretical applicability but also for its practical usefulness. Presuppositions or philosophical conceptualizations are the pillars of any worldview, and to successfully establish a new one requires that changes or reinforcements be made at this plane. The integrative approaches were framed at this level so as to remove mental oppositions as they arise every time in one’s thoughts. When this is not adequately laid down, no audience can align their thoughts or understanding with what the author tries to convey. This paper is an attempt to convey a personal understanding of human behavior in the context of psychotherapeutic approaches that are modified for use by the author. It appreciates the accomplishments of the various approaches such as Behavioral, Cognitive-Behavioral, Psychoanalytic, Existential, Humanistic, Family Systems, Gestalt and Client-Centered developments in the profes sion. The following reflects the views of the author in the healing process of the mind and emotions. Key Concepts of My Approach   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It is therefore expected that though at this point I value the primary theories or perspectives that I am thus enumerating afterwards, this also implies that I am open to the various developments that are expectedly to occur in my practice in the future. Since this is an eclectic approach at employing strategies I have found to be beneficial personally and that of others, I wish to mention many of these in the following statements. I am persuaded further that key elements or themes are found all throughout my own version of the approach. The smaller yet finer points come only in the between. For the thrust that this paper is taking, I wish to mention then my views individually, on Behavioral, Cognitive-Behavioral, Psychoanalytic, Existential, Humanistic, Family Systems, Gestalt and Client-Centered approaches. Behavioral Therapy   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This model utilizes what is termed as the learning theory posited by Skinner and Watson and the rest of the Behaviorism school. It assumes that the principles in learning i.e., conditioning (Associative and Operant) are effective means to effect change in an individual. Generally, the thrust of this theoretical perspective is focused on the symptoms that a person is experiencing. Just as many of the errors of the patterns of behavior come from learning from the environment, it is also assumed that an individual will be able to unlearn some if not all these by using the techniques as applied based on the learning principles. To a certain extent I believe that this still works: reinforcements are effective to some extent and in some or many people hence I am incorporating this stance separate or distinct from the Cognitive-Behavioral approach.   In behavior therapy therefore, thoughts, feelings and all those â€Å"malfunctioning† an d unwanted manifestations revealed in one’s activities can be unlearned and the work of a behavior therapist. The basic concepts include â€Å"extinguishing† – utilized when maladaptive patterns are then weakened and removed and in their place habits that are healthy are established (developed and strengthened) in a series or progressive approach called â€Å"successive approximations. When these (factors) are reinforced such as through rewards in intrinsic and extrinsic means, the potential of a more secure and steady change in behavior is developed and firmly established (Rubinstein et al., 20074; Corey, 2004). Although few psychologists today would regard themselves as strict behaviorists, behaviorism has been very influential in the development of psychology as a scientific discipline. There are different emphases within this discipline though. Some behaviorists contend plainly that the observation of behavior is the best or most expedient method of exploring psychological and cognitive processes. Others consider that it is in reality the only way of examining such processes, while still others argue that behavior itself is the only appropriate subject of psychology, and that familiar psychological terms such as belief only refer to behavior. Albert Bandura’s social cognitive approach grew out of this movement. Banduras method emphasizes cognitive processes over and above observable behavior, concentrating on not only the influence of the person’s upbringing for example, but also observation, imitation, and thought processes (Plotnik, 2005). Cognitive-Behavioral   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the cognitive approach alone, the therapist understands that a client or patient comes into the healing relationship and the former’s role is to change or modify the latter’s maladjusted or error-filled thinking patterns. These patterns may include wishful thinking, unrealistic expectations, constant reliving and living in the past or even beyond the present and into the future, and overgeneralizing. These habits lead to confusion, frustration and eventual constant disappointment. This therapeutic approach stresses or accentuates the rational or logical and positive worldview: a viewpoint that takes into consideration that we are problem-solvers, have options in life and not that we are always left with no choice as many people think. It also looks into the fact that because we do have options then there are many things that await someone who have had bad choices in the past, and therefore can look positively into the futu re. Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy postulated primarily by Ellis and Beck â€Å"facilitates a collaborative relationship between the patient and therapist.† With the idea that the counselor and patient together cooperate to attain a trusting relationship and agree which problems or issues need to come first in the course of the therapy. For the Cognitive Behaviorist Therapist, the immediate and presenting problem that the client is suffering and complaining from takes precedence and must be addressed and focused in the treatment. There is instantaneous relief from the symptoms, and may be encouraged or spurred on to pursue in-depth treatment and reduction of the ailments where possible. The relief from the symptoms from the primary problem or issue will inspire the client to imagine or think that change is not impossible after all. In this model, issues are dealt directly in a practical way. Coaching the patient on the step by step procedure of CBT is a basic and fundamental ingredient. Here the client is enlightened as to the patterns of his thinking and the errors of these thoughts which bore fruit in his attitudes and behavior. His/her thoughts and beliefs have connections on his/her behavior and must therefore be â€Å"reorganized.† For instance, the ways that a client looks at an issue of his/her life will direct the path of his reactivity to the issue. When corrected at this level, the behavior follows automatically (Rubinstein et al., 2007; Corey, 2004). Psychodynamic Therapy   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Psychodynamic perspective is based on the work of Sigmund Freud. He created both a theory to explain personality and mental disorders, and the form of therapy known as psychoanalysis. The psychodynamic approach assumes that all behavior and mental processes reflect constant and often unconscious struggles within the person. These usually involved conflicts between our need to satisfy basic biological instincts, for example, for food, sex or aggression, and the restrictions imposed by society. Not all of those who take a psychodynamic approach accept all of Freud’s original ideas, but most would view abnormal or problematic behavior as the result of a failure to resolve conflicts adequately. Many of the disorders or mental illnesses recognized today without a doubt have their psychodynamic explanation aside from other viewpoints like that of the behaviourist, or the cognitivists. From simple childhood developmental diseases to Schizophrenia, there is a rationale that from Freud’s camp is able to explain (Kaplan et al, 1994). Existential Therapy   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Existential approach, as put forward by Nietzsche, Kierkegaard, Sartre, Heidegger, Rollo May, and Frankl, believes that the individual’s potential may lie dormant but that it is there waiting to be ushered in time. It recognizes that man is able to achieve great heights and that these are just waiting to be tapped not only by him/herself but that also when helped by a practitioner who is persuaded of this notion. It examines such major issues as free will and the challenges of exercising this free will, the issue of mortality, loneliness and in general, the meaning of life. The Therapy is effective when the practitioner works with elderly care and death and dying issues. It focuses on the individual needs but takes into consideration the significant relationships and the meanings they bring into the person’s life. Transcending the issues and problems are primary intentions of the therapist at the same time being realistic that certain limitations do exist and may hinder the process of recovery (Rubinstein et al., 2007; Corey, 2004). Humanistic Therapy   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Allport, Bugental, Buhler, Maslow Rollo May, Murphy, Murray, Fritz Perls and Rogers are those that helped usher in the Humanistic theory and consequent therapy. It holds in view the individual as possessing the options or freedom to choose, creativity, and the capability to attain a state where he/she is more aware, freer, responsible and worthy of trust. Because the human mind has immense potential, the approach assesses as well that forces from the environment bear on with the individual and depending on the interplay that occurs within the individual person, the result will either be destructive or constructive to the person. In sum, humanism takes into the perspective that essentially humans are good and not evil, and that the therapy facilitates by harnessing on the human potential through the development of interpersonal skills. This results to an enhanced quality life and the individual becomes an asset rather than a liability to th e society where he revolves in (Rubinstein et al., 2007; Corey, 2004). Family Systems Therapy   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This theoretical viewpoint has been the by-product of the works of Bateson, Minuchin, Bowen, Ackerman and many others. Usually done in pairs or by a team of practitioners, family systems therapy has its roots in behavioral and psychoanalytic principles. This model understands that the family is a unit and its members or any of its members with an issue or a problem must be addressed in the context of the family as a unit. It puts its emphasis on the relationships among the family members, their patterns of communication more than their individual traits and/or symptoms. The systems theory portion of the therapy indicates that whatever is occurring or happening is not isolated but is a working part of a bigger context. In the family systems approach then, no individual person can be understood when removed from his relationships whether in the present or past, and this is specially focused on the family he belongs to (Rubinstein et al., 200 7; Corey, 2004). Gestalt Therapy   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Gestalt therapy has this goal of reducing if not removing the symptoms with the rationale that the individual has personal responsibility and that the here-and-now experience is thus very important. This two-fold emphasis on the present moment as experienced by the person and that another reality is that our existence is entangled actually with other aspects and parts of the environment. It is when we understand that we are related with other things that insights to our issues are achieved and help us in finding solutions to our existence. When we are free from the obstructions of things that are â€Å"unfinished† then we reduce the obstacles and enhance the opportunities to our optimal satisfaction and fulfillment and eventual growth (Rubinstein et al., 2007; Corey, 2004). Client-Centered Therapy   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Developed and known because of the works by one person – Carl Rogers – Client Centered Therapy focuses on the person who needs aid and his/her improvement depends on the client himself although with the facilitation and assistance of the therapist. The rationale for the direction of the therapy lies in the notion that humans basically possess the ability to move towards the fulfillment of his/her possibilities. According to Rogers, â€Å"Individuals have within themselves vast resources for self-understanding and for altering their self-concepts, basic attitudes, and self-directed behavior; these resources can be tapped if a definable climate of facilitative psychological attitudes can be provided† (Rogers, 1980, p 115-117 in Rubinstein et al., 2007).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This approach is very popular today and many therapists usually incorporate this model into their own eclectic method. Rogers identified three important concepts termed as conditions: these are congruence, unconditional positive regard and empathy. Many in the mental health circles have these in their day-to-day jargon. In the aforementioned conditions, a person moves toward what Rogers call â€Å"constructive direction† when these three conditions are afforded. The Role of the Therapist   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   I aspire to be a therapist – counselor whose practice is characterized as empowering and collaborative. By empowering, I understand the limitations of my role and as such I am constrained at the same time to impart my best knowledge and efforts to enable my client/patient to understand him/herself, and lead the treatment to the point where he/she is able to stand on his/her own without my help anymore. Further, it means that I recognize the patient or client as a person who is not only complex, he/she is also is imbued with the nature that inherently can heal, grow and mature. They contribute to the process, and their attitude towards the whole duration of the healing relationship is a crucial aspect to the attainment of their goals. The therapist then must remove by all means any barrier or obstruction to the achievement of goals especially when these come potentially from the therapist him/herself (that’s me). By collaborative, again because there are set limitations on my capacities, I recognize the availability and expertise of others in realms that I hardly know and that working with them, collaborating with them, gives my client more options, and provides him/her the best and comprehensive interventions that there is in the field. A therapy that is beneficial looks beyond my set style and preferences of diagnosis and treatment; it is progressive and seeks to enhance the initial strategies that had been established and continually expands oneself by learning and researching. Most importantly, by collaboration, my client is the most significant â€Å"collaborator† and that notion should not be missed all throughout (Rubinstein et al., 2007; Corey, 2004). .   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The effectiveness of therapy in counselling is dependent substantially on two factors; namely, the patient’s cooperation, and the expertise of the therapist. Many experts in the field of Psychology have observed the significant contribution of the client to the over-all process. The individual’s perception of the therapist is extremely crucial to the ensuing treatment. Without the needed initial positive perception of the therapist on the part of the one seeking treatment, the whole process will not generate a desired momentum that would set the entire scheme in a strategic stance. Of course, the expertise of the therapist is another major factor – actually, the other half – but it’s a given to the whole package of treatment (Rubinstein et al., 2007; Corey, 2004).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Since a â€Å"working alliance† has to be established first before the actual treatment is administered, there are important or vital considerations for this â€Å"working alliance† between client and therapist to occur, and this is in prà ©cis, the intentions of this paper. What we will be considering in this paper are the challenges that new therapists face as they practice their profession. The past baggage of the client.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   From any vantage point, the level of trust by client on his therapist, whether that perception is based on attractiveness, trustworthiness or as someone who knows what he may be dealing with in terms of credentials, are valid, and is the utmost concern of the helping relationship. Trust in the part of the client is necessary for the healing process. However, because the full ramifications of the issue almost always hinge on the perceptions of the client, the problems and hindrances need to be addressed or at least cited for clarity and deliberation at the outset of the relationship. As hinted above, the client may be bringing (emotional) baggage into their mutual involvement which may be due to prior engagements with other professionals in the therapeutic relations, whether positive or negative. Oftentimes, in many cases, these may be liaisons which were unsuccessful, distasteful or even traumatic for a few. The author pointed out that any form of future therapy will be affected due to these previous experiences, and it has to be dealt with right away at the outset (Horvath Luborsky, 1993, p. 4). The fitness of the therapist   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   By fitness, we mean sufficient, wide-ranging exposure, and right training to the kind of illness/es or disorder/s that he may be dealing. Even with years spent in the academe will not guarantee the development of skills in handling such complex and true-to-life situations or scenarios. At times, the theoretic skills acquired, instead of enabling the new therapist, may deter or hamper the process. This means to say that the therapist must possess more than head-knowledge; he should not allow his schooling to affect him to the extent that it made him conceited with no room for more learning especially when additional knowledge are available in the patient himself. He must also have the sensitivity to employ his gut-feeling to at times, direct the course of the therapy (Rubinstein et al., 2007; Corey, 2004). Therapeutic relationships are almost always exhausting, but it will be an undesirable experience for the alliance partners when just one of them becomes disinterested, hence as Luborsky pressed that â€Å"reciprocity† must be established, cultivated or maintained until the relationship is terminated, hopefully because the client is well (Horvath Luborsky, 1993, p. 4). III. The Therapeutic Process   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The therapeutic process is initiated by the therapist primarily as soon as the client or others who refer or brought the patient in for the assumed long haul of the healing relationship. It would be impossible to do all approaches at one time. By eclectic and as frequently emphasized, the usage of any of the methods will be dependent on the need of the patient, and other pertinent information that help guide which of these the therapist will be using. The therapist then is enjoined to be able to diagnose well; it is at this stage that any practitioner is well aware of the risks should he/she fail to diagnose properly the needs and or issues /problems of the client. However, as he/she matures and advances in the profession, many instances occur that the mistakes made in diagnosis are oftentimes corrected while at the treatment stage, hence the traits of flexibility and humility (admitting mistakes for instance) are valued highly in this pro fession (Rogers, 1980, p 115-117 in Rubinstein et al., 2007).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Employing the Behavioral, Cognitive-Behavioral, Psychodynamic, Existential, Humanistic, Family Systems, Gestalt and Client-Centered Eclectic stance primarily involves the incorporation of distinct concepts within a single framework. The important thing is that of flexibility and resiliency on my part when to apply or implement which of the theories in the context of my client. It starts with the identification of specific problems and especially the root causes. When this is confidently achieved, the therapist is actually midway to attaining his/her goals which includes not only the relief of the symptoms that the sufferer is currently experiencing but especially the reduction of the occurrence if not altogether eliminated. The specific treatment goals are likewise essential and it helps in the remaining aspects or levels of the process. The diagnostic part by itself in most cases is considered therapeutic since many clients have experienced immediate relief; in the language of psychoanalysis, the â€Å"cathartic† effect is helpful already. In addition, another important ingredient in the process is to identify effective reinforcers which help people in crisis for instance or those in acute and chronic mental and emotional anguish to sustain their plan for change and control of their disorders. Helping the client set up a kind of self-help management program is a very effective strategy to pursue within the relationship (Rubinstein et al., 2007; Corey, 2004). ~Identifying clients in crisis   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Despite breakthroughs in scientific researches and the success of many crisis interventions by established churches, there are â€Å"fly by night† operations which prey on funding of private and government groups on such types of operations. There are those who minister lacking the necessary spiritual maturity and corresponding abilities in this kind of endeavor, hence the necessity of proper credentials to minimize abuses in the profession (Buttman, p.59). Crucial to the treatment or interventions of people in crisis is the identification of clients experiencing crisis in life. â€Å"Knowledge of the three core components of crisis intervention theory (a precipitating event, client perception of the event, and the client’s usual coping methods)† is essential in this kind of work (Walsh et al, 2005). The Goal of Therapy   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Trauma inducing and crisis triggering situations have spiraled its occurrence and in its primacy in the US and in many other countries in recent years. Its broad spectrum ranges from the national disaster category such as that of Hurricane Katrina or the 911 terrorist strikes in New York, Spain and England, to private instances such as a loved one’s attempt at suicide, the murder of a spouse or child, the beginning of mental illness, and the worsening situation of domestic violence (Teller et al, 2006). The acute crisis episode is a consequence of people who experience life-threatening events and feel overwhelmed with difficulty resolving the inner conflicts or anxiety that threaten their lives. They seek the help of counselors, paramedics and other health workers in crisis intervention centers to tide them over the acute episodes they are encountering. These are defining moments for people and must be adequately addressed else they lead lives with dysfunctional conduct patterns or disorders (Roberts et al, 2006).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the integrated or eclectic approach the goal of the therapy is not just relief to the patient or client. Although an immediate relief is very helpful, this may not always be the case in most illnesses. The goal as mentioned in the preceding pages is to provide long-term reduction of the symptoms and the occurrence of the disease altogether if possible. The management then is not impossible but neither is this easy. Specifically, the counselee or patient must want to heal or believe that there is going to be curative effects in the process. It presupposes that he/she must learn to trust the therapist in his/her capabilities as well in leading or facilitating the changes or modifications. It is very much essential that (in the perspective of a cognitive-behaviorist) that the client understands ownership to the deeds and choices in thought patterns he/she made are crucial to the recurring or occurring condition that s/he experiences (Rubinstein et al., 2007; Corey, 2004).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Moreover, the identification of specific treatments or interventions according to the diagnosed issue will be accommodated and implemented based on the chosen treatment modalities fit with the therapeutic approach utilized. It may be a single modality based on a single approach (e.g., learning principles and desensitization for a patient with specific phobias) or it maybe a combination of many modalities (CBT, Rogerian, Phenomenological, or Family systems) (Rubinstein et al., 2007; Corey, 2004). The Nature of the Relationship between the Therapist and the Client   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The client throughout the process is a person in need of help and support and this reality is throughout reinforced in the process until the need to terminate the relationship. The therapist is the helper, who ushers the client to discover insights into his needs and problems and until the client is able to stand on his/her own the therapist aids him/her in more ways than one. Because of usual and common abuses that either the client suffers or that the therapist at times undergoes, definite boundaries are set in place at the outset. This must be established at the initial stage and from time to time emphasized to mind either of the parties in the limits of the relationship. The therapist is guided by morality and ethics of his/her profession in the proper exercise of his/her duties and bound by law to implement this in the process and make this known as well to the client. The therapist terminates the relationship readily or refer the cli ent to another competent practitioner should the limits be reached and the relationship has become unrealistically difficult for either of the two parties. Best Practices for Techniques   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Techniques or the utilization of various modalities come in a variety of forms and each when employed has the potential to meet the individual’s needs. The modality of choice at particular client/patient depends on such considerations as family support, financial constraints or financial capability, the patient’s preference, diagnosis, and age of patient (Rubinstein, et al., 2007). Employing the cathartic method, teaching the client to examine his/her thought patterns, to discern the errors of judgment and gain insight into him/herself, and to handle with patience the whole process are fundamentals in the process. When the therapist is able to shift effectively in various standpoints and enables the client to gain a better, realistic and eradicate unrealistic expectations of the self and others, they are both on the way to achieving wholeness and healing that which the client so need and aspire. This requires practice, or con stant training and endurance on the part of the therapist (Rubinstein et al., 2007; Corey, 2004). VII. Methods of Therapy   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Every theoretical approach has its own assumptions. In the psychodynamic theory, the following three assumptions help guide a student of human behavior or an expert in this field determine the underlying factors that explain the overt manifestations of specific behaviors. These assumptions therefore, help guide the diagnosis of the presence or absence of mental illness. They are the same assumptions that guide the therapist in choosing what treatment that will better help heal, cure or alleviate the symptoms.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   These assumptions are: â€Å"There are instinctive urges that drive personality formation.† â€Å"Personality growth is driven by conflict and resolving anxieties.† â€Å"Unresolved anxieties produce neurotic symptoms†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (Source: Kaplan et al, 1994).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The goals of treatment here include alleviating patient of the symptoms which specifically works to uncover and work through unconscious conflict. The task of psychodynamic therapy is â€Å"to make the unconscious conscious to the patient† (â€Å"Models of abnormality†, National Extension College Trust, Ltd). Employing the psychodynamic viewpoint, the therapist or social scientist believes that emotional conflicts, or neurosis, and/or disturbances in the mind are caused by unresolved conflicts which originated during childhood years. In the psychodynamic approach the treatment modality frequently used includes dreams and free association, at times hypnosis (as preferred by either the therapist or by the client). The therapist actively communicates with the client in the on-going sessions. The scenario appears that a given patient may have up to five times a week session and runs up to five years in length (Rubinstein et al., 2007).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The methods of therapy incorporate the methods of the eight models. In Behavioral Therapy – the development of behavioral skills that encourage effective actions which is done through incorporating principles in learning or classical and operant conditioning. It utilizes shaping, modeling and such concepts as behavior modification, counterconditioning and exposure, and systematic desensitization.   Behavioral or action therapies utilize insight just as much as the psychodynamic model. Just as the cognitivebehavioral model also recognizes the concept of insight as well, this is only a matter of emphasis or focus. In behavioral/cognitive-behavioral therapies the focus is on the modification or control of behavior and insight usually becomes a tangential advantage. Techniques include CBT through such strategy as cognitive restructuring and the current frequently used REBT for Rational Emotive-Behavior Therapy where irrational beliefs are eliminated by examining them in a rational manner (Corey, 2004; Davison and Neale, 2001). Whereas in insight therapies the focus or emphasis is on the patient’s ability in understanding his/her issues basing on his inner conflicts, motives and fears. Techniques then include reflection of feelings and free association; the former as employed in the clientcentered therapy and with the latter in psychodynamic therapy. Cognitive Strategies are utilized to promote functional thoughts which are likely to result in adaptive and healthy habits (Corey, 2004; Davison and Neale, 2001).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Client-centered therapy avoids the imposition of goals on the patient or client during therapy. It is the client who takes the lead in the session and of the conversation. It is the job of the therapist to create the conditions conducive to the client’s positive judgment of those experiences that are intrinsically satisfying to the client. The ‘goal’ then is to reach the point where the client desires to be a good and â€Å"civilized person.† Unconditional positive regard enhances this atmosphere however, and although the goal may be difficult to achieve, unconditional positive regard eventually, according to Rogers, encourages even the â€Å"`unbehaved† to conform or even transform (Corey, 2004; Davison and Neale, 2001). Gestalt therapy techniques on the other hand, include the I-language, The Empty Chair, Projection feelings, Attending to Nonverbal Cues, and the Use of Metaphor (Corey, 2004; Davison and Neale, 2001).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The techniques may sound a lot like pulling â€Å"this and that† from one’s tool box but in practice it is far from whimsical and impulsive. There is given time to much thought and analysis per client and an evaluation in between is mustered in order to be kept on track according to the specific goals that had been established at the outset. Here, professionalism counts and much of the efforts poured into every patient’s benefit.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In order to avoid what Corey says as a syncretistic and hodgepodge type of â€Å"eclectism† a theoretical rationale must be underpinning in the overall approach of the therapist (Corey, 2001, Article 29 in Lazarus, 1986, 1996; Lazarus, Beutler, Norcross, 1992). This means that I as the therapist must establish firmly my own worldview, which contains my value system, and communicates this at the outset to the client and intermittently in the therapeutic process.

crown molding Essay -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Walls can be protected and enhanced quite simply without the mess of paint, wallpaper, and tile, ect. Applying Moulding to ones walls today is very easy and comes in large variety of styles and materials. It also adds architectural interest and a finished look to the room, which conveniently hides settling cracks and nails. When customize with a treatment it will fit any decor. Types of moulding:  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Architectural molding a.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Made of polystyrene or polyurethane b.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  With large profiles that mimic the look of built-up moulding c.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Will not warp, rot or split d.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Low maintenance material that saws and works just like wood e.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lighter than hardwood for easier handling  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Veneer hardwood moulding a.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Made by wrapping finger jointed pine moulding with a veneer of real oak, cherry or maple b.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The veneer is wrapped all the way around to the back completely obscuring the pine base once installed c.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The elegance of hardwood moulding at a significant savings  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Prefinished moulding a.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Made from polystyrene b.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lower cost than wood moulding c.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Comes ready to install ...

Kaveri River water dispute Essay

Kaveri river flows in South Karnataka and then to Tamil Nadu. The sharing of waters of the river Kaveri has been the source of a serious conflict between the Indian states of Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. The genesis of this conflict, rests in two controversial agreements—one signed in 1892 and another in 1924—between the erstwhile Madras Presidency and Princely State of Mysore. The 802 km Kaveri river [1] has 32,000 sq km basin area in Karnataka and 44,000 sq km basin area in Tamil Nadu. The state of Karnataka contends that it does not receive its due share of water from the river as does Tamil Nadu. Karnataka claims that these agreements were skewed heavily in favour of the Madras Presidency, and has demanded a renegotiated settlement based on â€Å"equitable sharing of the waters†. Tamil Nadu, on the other hand, pleads that it has already developed almost 3,000,000 acres (12,000 km2) of land and as a result has come to depend very heavily on the existing pattern of usage. Any change in this pattern, it says, will adversely affect the livelihood of millions of farmers in the state. Decades of negotiations between the parties bore no fruit. The Government of India then constituted a tribunal in 1990 to look into the matter. After hearing arguments of all the parties involved for the next 16 years, the tribunal delivered its final verdict on 5 February 2007. In its verdict, the tribunal allocated 419 billion ft ³ (12 km ³) of water annually to Tamil Nadu and 270 billion ft ³ (7.6 km ³) to Karnataka; 30 billion ft ³ (0.8 km ³) of Kaveri river water to Kerala and 7 billion ft ³ (0.2 km ³) to Pondicherry. The dispute however, appears not to have concluded, as all four states deciding to file review petitions seeking clarifications and possible renegotiation of the order. History of the dispute The British controlled both Mysore and Madras for a short period in the middle of the 19th century. During their regime, numerous plans were drawn up for the utilization of the Kaveri waters by both states. However, the drought and subsequent famine in the mid 1870s put a hold on the implementation of these plans. The plans were revived by Mysore in 1881, by which time Mysore was back in the hands of the Mysore kings, while present day Tamil Nadu continued to remain a part of the Madras Presidency. Mysore’s plans to revive the irrigation projects met with resistance from the Madras Presidency. Mysore state made a representation to the then British government; as a result of which, a conference was held in 1890 with the objective of agreeing â€Å"†¦on the principles of a modus vivendi, which would on the one hand allow to Mysore reasonable freedom in dealing with her irrigation works, and on the other, give to Madras practical security against injury to her interestsâ₠¬  and eventually the Agreement of 1892 was signed. Karnataka deems this agreement as having been between unequal partners because, while Mysore state was a princely state, Madras formed a part of the British Raj. Karnataka also considers this agreement to have been severely inimical to its interests as it gave sweeping powers and prescriptive rights to Madras, the lower riparian state. As per this agreement, Mysore was required to obtain Madras’ consent for any new irrigation reservoirs across any of the main rivers it wished to utilize and share information on any new irrigation scheme it wished to undertake to utilize the waters Things came to a head in 1910 when Mysore, under Nalvadi Krishnaraja Wodeyar as the king and Sir. M.Visvesvaraya as Chief Engineer came up with a plan to construct a dam at Kannambadi village to hold up to 41.5 TMC of water. The dam was planned to be built in two stages. In the first stage a capacity of 11 TMC was envisioned, while in the second stage the full capacity was set to be realized. Madras however, refused to give its consent for this move as it had its own plans to build a storage dam at Mettur with a capacity of 80 TMC. After a reference to the Government of India, permission was accorded to Mysore, but for a reduced storage of 11TMC. During construction, however, the foundation was laid to suit the earlier desired full storage. This raised Madras’ hackles and the dispute continued. As a result, the then British Government of India referred the matter to arbitration under Rule IV of the 1892 Agreement. The Cauvery dispute thus had come up for arbitration for the first time. Sir H D Griffin was appointed arbitrator and M. Nethersole, the Inspector General of Irrigation in India, was made the Assessor. They entered into proceedings on 16 July 1913 and the Award was given on 12 May 1914. The award upheld the earlier decision of the Government of India and allowed Mysore to go ahead with the construction of the dam up to 11 TMC. The agreement also stipulated that Mysore was not to increase its area under irrigation more than 110,000 acres (450 km2) beyond what was already existing, while the same cap for Madras Presidency was pegged at 301000|acre|km2. Nonetheless, Madras still appealed against the award and negotiations continued. Eventually an agreement was arrived at in 1924 and a couple of minor agreements were also signed in 1929 and 1933. The 1924 agreement was set to lapse after a run of 50 years. As a result of these agreements, Karnataka claims that Mysore was forced to give up rights. Post independence developments In 1947, India won independence from the British. This changed the equations drastically. Tamil Nadu was carved out of Madras Presidency and Mysore province became a state. Further in 1956, the reorganization of the states of India took place and state boundaries were redrawn based on linguistic demographics. Kodagu or Coorg (the birthplace of the Kaveri), became a part of Mysore state. Huge parts of erstwhile Hyderabad state and Bombay Presidency joined with Mysore state. Parts of Malabar which earlier formed part of Madras Presidency went to Kerala. Pondicherry had already become a de facto Union territory in 1954. All these changes further changed the equations as Kerala and Pondicherry also jumped into the fray. Kerala staked its claim as one of the major tributaries of the Kaveri, the Kabini, now originated in Kerala. Karaikal region of Pondicherry at the tail end of the river demanded the waters that it had always used for drinking and some minimal agriculture. While these additional claims complicated matters greatly at a technical level, Mysore state and Tamil Nadu still remained the major parties to the dispute. By the late 1960s, both states and the Central government began to realize the gravity of the situation as the 50 year run of the 1924 agreement was soon coming to an end. Negotiations were started in right earnest and discussions continued for almost 10 years 1970 s While discussions continued, a Cauvery Fact Finding Committee (CFFC) was constituted. The brief of the CFFC was to inspect the ‘ground’ realities and come up with a report. The CFFC came up with a preliminary report in 1972 and a final report in 1973. Inter state discussions were held based on this report. Finally in 1974, a draft agreement which also provided for the creation of a Cauvery Valley Authority was prepared by the Ministry of Irrigation. This draft however, was not ratified. While all these discussions went on, Tamil Nadu’s irrigated lands had grown from a pre-Mettur command area of 1,440,000 acres (5,800 km2) to 2,580,000 acres (10,400 km2) [7] while Karnataka’s irrigated area stood at 680,000 acres (2,800 km ²). Karnataka maintains that these figures demonstrate the lop-sided nature of the agreement.[7] In 1976, after a series of discussions between the two states and the Central government chaired by Jagjeevan Ram, the then Irrigation Minister, a final draft was prepared based on findings of the CFFC. This draft was accepted by all states and the Government also made an announcement to that effect in Parliament. Tamil Nadu came under President’s rule soon after that and the agreement was put on the backburner. When President’s rule was lifted, the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK) with M. G. Ramachandran at the helm came to power for the first time in Tamil Nadu and the dispute took a new turn. The Tamil Nadu government now rejected the draft agreement and started insisting that the 1924 agreement had only provided for an extension and not a review. It began insisting that status quo be restored and everyone go back to the agreements of 1892 and 1924. This however, did not cut ice with Karnataka which had throughout maintained that those agreements were partisan and had been signed between unequal partners. When Karnataka began construction of the Harangi dam at Kushalanagara in Kodagu, it was once again met with resistance from Tamil Nadu. Tamil Nadu went to court demanding the constitution of a Tribunal under the Inter State Water Disputes Act (ISWD) of 1956. It also demanded the immediate stoppage of construction work at the dam site. As a result of Tamil Nadu’s protests, Karnataka had to fund the construction under the non-plan head and this led to a severe strain on its finances.[8] 1980s Later Tamil Nadu withdrew its case demanding the constitution of a tribunal and the two states started negotiating again. Several rounds of discussions were held in the 1980s. The result was still, a stalemate. In 1986, a farmer’s association from Tanjavur in Tamil Nadu moved the Supreme Court demanding the constitution of a tribunal. While this case was still pending, the two states continued many rounds of talks. This continued till April 1990 and yet yielded no results. The constitution of the tribunal The Supreme Court then directed the government headed by Prime Minister V. P. Singh to constitute a tribunal and refer all disputes to it. A three man tribunal was thus constituted on 2 June 1990. The tribunal was headquartered at New Delhi and was to be headed by Justice Chittatosh Mookerjee.[3][9] The four states presented their demands to the tribunal as under * Karnataka – claimed 465 billion ft ³ (13 km ³) as its share * Kerala – wants 99.8 billion ft ³ (2.83 km ³) as its share * Pondicherry – claims 9.3 billion ft ³ (0.3 km ³) * Tamil Nadu – wants the flows to be ensured in accordance with the terms of the agreements of 1892 and 1924 (ie., 566 billion ft ³ (16 km ³) for Tamil Nadu and Pondicherry; 177 billion ft ³ (5 km ³) for Karnataka and 5 billion ft ³ (0.1 km ³) for Kerala). [edit]Interim award and the riots Soon after the tribunal was set up, Tamil Nadu demanded a mandatory injunction on Karnataka for the immediate release of water and other reliefs. This was dismissed by the tribunal. Tamil Nadu now went back to the Supreme Court which directed the tribunal to reconsider Tamil Nadu’s plea. The tribunal reconsidered Tamil Nadu’s plea and gave an interim award on 25 June 1991. In coming up with this award, the tribunal calculated the average inflows into Tamil Nadu over a period of 10 years between 1980–81 and 1989–90. The extreme years were ignored for this calculation. The average worked out to 205 billion ft ³ (5.8 km ³) which Karnataka had to ensure reached Tamil Nadu in a water year. The award also stipulated the weekly and monthly flows to be ensured by Karnataka for each month of the water year. The tribunal further directed Karnataka not to increase its irrigated land area from the existing 1,120,000 acres (4,500 km2) Karnataka deemed this extremely inimical to its interests and issued an ordinance seeking to annul the tribunal’s award. The Supreme Court now stepped in at the President’s instance and struck down the Ordinance issued by Karnataka. It upheld the tribunal’s award which was subsequently gazetted by the Government of India on 11 December 1991. Karnataka was thus forced to accept the interim award and widespread demonstrations and violence broke out in parts of Karnataka and Tamil Nadu following this. Thousands of Tamil families had to flee from Bangalore in fear of being attacked and lynched by pro-Kannada activists. The violence and show down, mostly centered in the Tamil populated parts of Bangalore, lasted for nearly a month and most schools and educational institutions in Bangalore remained closed during this period. The crisis of 1995–1996 In 1995, the monsoons failed badly in Karnataka and Karnataka found itself hard pressed to fulfill the interim order. Tamil Nadu approached the Supreme Court demanding the immediate release of at least 30 billion ft ³. The Supreme Court refused to entertain Tamil Nadu’s petition and asked it to approach the tribunal. The tribunal examined the case and recommended that Karnataka release 11 billion ft ³. Karnataka pleaded that 11 billion ft ³ was unimplementable in the circumstances that existed then. Tamil Nadu now went back to the Supreme Court demanding that Karnataka be forced to obey the tribunal’s order. The Supreme Court this time recommended that the then Prime Minister, Mr. P. V. Narasimha Rao intervene and find a political solution. The Prime Minister convened a meeting with the Chief Ministers of the two states and recommended that Karnataka release 6 billion ft ³ instead of the 11 billion ft ³ that the tribunal ordered. Karnataka complied with the de cision of the Prime Minister and the issue blew over. Constitution of the CRA Karnataka had all through maintained that the interim award was not ‘scientific’ and was inherently flawed. It had, nevertheless, complied with the order except during 1995–96 when rains failed. What complicated matters was that the Interim award was ambiguous on distress sharing and there was no clear cut formula that everyone agreed upon to share the waters in the case of failure of the monsoon. In 1997, the Government proposed the setting up of a Cauvery River Authority which would be vested with far reaching powers to ensure the implementation of the Interim Order. These powers included the power to take over the control of dams in the event of the Interim Order not being honoured. Karnataka, which had always maintained that the interim order had no scientific basis and was intrinsically flawed, strongly protested the proposal to set up such an authority. The Government then made several modifications to the powers of the Authority and came up with a new proposal. The new proposal greatly reduced the executive powers of the Authority. The power to take over control of dams was also done away with. Under this new proposal, the Government set up two new bodies, viz., Cauvery River Authority and Cauvery Monitoring Committee. The Cauvery River Authority would consist of the Prime Minister and the Chief Ministers of all four states(Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Pondicherry, Kerala) and was headquartered in New Delhi. The Cauvery Monitoring Committee on the other hand, was an expert body which consisted of engineers, technocrats and other officers who would take stock of the ‘ground realities’ and report to the government . The flare up and high drama of 2002 In the summer of 2002, things once again came to a head as the monsoon failed in both Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. Reservoirs in both states fell to record low levels and inevitably tempers rose. The sticking point yet again, as in 1995–96 was how the distress would be shared between the two states. The tribunal had overlooked this crucial point[10] when it gave the interim award and it had returned once again to haunt the situation. Tamil Nadu demanded that Karnataka honour the interim award and release to Tamil Nadu its proportionate share. Karnataka on the other hand stated that the water levels were hardly enough to meet its own demands and ruled out releasing any water in the circumstances that prevailed.[11] CRA meeting and the Supreme Court order A meeting of the CRA was called on 27 August but the Karnataka chief minister walked out of the meeting. The focus now shifted to the Supreme Court which ordered Karnataka to release 1.25 billion ft ³ of water every day unless CRA revised it. Karnataka started the release of water but pressed for another meeting of the CRA which was fixed for 8 September. The Tamil Nadu Chief Minister this time boycotted the meet citing insufficient notice as the reason. A minister from her cabinet, however represented Tamil Nadu. The CRA revised the Court’s order from 1.25 billion ft ³ to 0.8 billion ft ³ per day. This time however, the Karnataka government in open defiance of the order of the CRA, refused to release any water succumbing to the large scale protests that had mounted in the Kaveri districts of the state. Tamil Nadu aghast at the defiance, went back to the Supreme Court. Karnataka now resumed the release of water for a few days, but stopped it again on 18 September as a protesting farmer committed suicide by jumping into the reservoir and the protests threatened to take a dangerous turn. The centre now stepped in and asked Karnataka to release the water. The SC meanwhile, in response to Tamil Nadu’s petition asked the CRA for details of the water release and water levels in the reservoirs. The CRA in turn ordered for the inspections of the reservoirs. While the CRA inspected the reservoirs in Karnataka, Tamil Nadu (on 23 September) flatly refused to grant them permission to inspect its reservoirs. This move by Tamil Nadu Chief Minister, coupled with her earlier walkout and boycott of the CRA meets, came in for severe criticism from all quarters. On 30 September the Supreme court ordered Tamil Nadu to co-operate with the CRA and Tamil Nadu gave in Demonstrations The flare up had by now, well and truly taken an ugly turn and there were accusations and counter accusations being thrown all around in both states. The opposition parties in Tamil Nadu too had jumped into the fray and at the same time joining Jayalalitha in stinging rebukes of both the Centre and the CRA, while the opposition parties in Karnataka expressed their full solidarity with the Congress-led Karnataka government to protect their right to the Kaveri water. To add to all this, the dispute had already spilled onto the streets in the district of Mandya in Karnataka and was threatening to spread to other parts of the state too. Precipitating the matters on the streets, the SC ordered Karnataka on 3 October to comply with the CRA and resume the release of water. Karnataka once again refused to obey the orders of SC. Tamil Nadu slapped another contempt petition on Karnataka and soon the issue degenerated into a ‘free for all’ with all and sundry from both states joini ng the protests. Soon, film actors and various other cross sections of society from both states were on the streets. Tamil TV channels and screening of Tamil films were blocked in Karnataka. Also all buses and vehicles from Tamil Nadu were barred from entering Karnataka. The belligerence soon hit a crescendo with Tamil activists calling for a stoppage of power from the Neyveli Power station to Karnataka as a tit-for-tat measure. A Pan-Tamil militant outfit (a month or so later) went ahead and blasted a major power transformer supplying power to the neighbouring states of Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh.[12] The Karnataka Chief Minister, Mr. S. M. Krishna on the other hand, fearing that the situation might spiral out of control, embarked on a padayatra from Bangalore to Mandya. While some saw this as merely a gimmick, some, like U R Ananthamurthy saw it as a good faith effort to soothe tempers and joined him in the yatra. 2003–2006 This period did not see any major flare up in the dispute even though the summer of 2003 saw a dry spell in both states. The monsoons in 2004, 2005 and 2006 was quite copious and this helped a great deal in keeping the tempers calm. While the last 3 or 4 years have been relatively quiet as far as jingoistic voices are concerned, a flurry of development has been afoot in the courts. The term of the tribunal was initially set to expire in August 2005. However, in the light of the many arguments the court was yet to hear, the tribunal filed a request for extension of its term. The extension was granted and the tribunal’s term was extended for another year until September 2006. Early in 2006, a major controversy erupted over the ‘Assessor’s report’ that was apparently ‘leaked’ to the press. The report had suggested a decision which Karnataka summarily rejected. Another major controversy erupted when just a couple of months before the September 2006 deadline, the tribunal recommended the formation of another expert committee to study the ‘ground realities’ yet again. This was unanimously and vehemently opposed by all the four states party to the dispute. The states contended that this move would further delay a judgment which has already been 16 years in the making. More than the disapproval of all the four states of the new expert committee that was proposed, the proposal turned out to be a major embarrassment for the tribunal. This was because, not only were the four states opposed to it, even the Chief Judge of the tribunal was opposed to it. However the other two assistant judges on 3-man adjudication team, overruled the opinion of the main Judge. And all this was done in a packed courtroom and this led to petty bickering and heated arguments between the three judges in the packed courtroom. This left everyone in the courtroom shocked and the Tamil Nadu counsel was moved to remark that it was embarrassing that the judges probably needed help settling their own disputes before adjudicating on the dispute at hand. Nonetheless, the new expert committee was formed and carried out further assessments. Subsequently, the extended deadline of the tribunal also passed and the tribunal was given yet another extension. Judgement The Cauvery Water Disputes Tribunal announced its final verdict on 5 February 2007. According to its verdict,[13] Tamil Nadu gets 419 billion ft ³ (12 km ³) of Cauvery water while Karnataka gets 270 billion ft ³ (7.6 km ³). The actual release of water by Karnataka to Tamil Nadu is to be 192 billion ft ³ (5.4 km ³) annually. Further, Kerala will get 30 billion ft ³ and Pondicherry 7 billion ft ³. Tamil Nadu appears to have been accepting the verdict[citation needed] while the government of Karnataka, unhappy with the decision, filed a revision petition before the tribunal seeking a review[citation needed]. 2012 On 19th Sep 2012, Prime Minister Manmohan Singh , who is also the Chairman of Cauvery River Authority (CRA), directed Karnataka to release 9,000 cusecs of Cauvery water to Tamil Nadu at Biligundlu (the border) daily from September 21 t-19}} But Karnataka felt that this was impractical due to the drought conditions prevailing because of the failed monsoon. Karnataka then walked out of the high level meeting as a sign of protest. On Sep 21, 2012, Karnataka filed a petition before the Cauvery River Authority seeking review of its September 19 ruling. On Sep 24 ,2012, Tamil Nadu Chief minister directed the officials to immediately file a petition in the Supreme Court seeking a direction to Karnataka to release Tamil Nadu its due share of water.[14] On Sep 28, 2012, the Supreme Court slammed the Karnataka government for failing to comply with the directive of the CRA. [15] Left with no other option, Karnataka started releasing water. This led to wide protests and violence in Karnataka. [16] On Oct 4, 2012, the Karnataka government filed a review petition before the Supreme Court seeking a stay on its September 28 order directing it to release 9,000 cusecs of Cauvery water everyday to Tamil Nadu, until October 15. [17] On Oct 6, 2012, Several Kannada organisations, under the banner of â€Å"Kannada Okkoota†, called a Karnataka bandh (close down) on October 6 in protest against the Cauveri water release. [18] On Oct 8, 2012, Supreme Court of India has announced the release of 9000 cusecs has to be continued and its upto the CRA head, the Prime Minister is the responsible person. On Oct 8, 2012, the Prime Minister ruled out a review of the Cauvery River Authority’s (CRA) decision asking Karnataka to release 9,000 cusecs of water daily to Tamil Nadu till October 20, rejecting the plea by both the Congress and BJP leaders from Karnataka. Within a few hours from this, Karnataka stopped release of Cauvery water to Tamil Nadu [19] On Oct 9, 2012, Tamil Nadu chief minister directed authorities to immediately file a contempt petition against the Karnataka government for flouting the verdict of the Supreme Court by unilaterally stopping the release of Cauvery water to Tamil Nadu.[20] On Oct 17, 2012, Tamil Nadu made a fresh plea in the Supreme Court reiterating its demand for issuing appropriate directions to Karnataka to make good the shortfall of 48 tmcft of water as per the distress sharing formula.[21] On Nov 15, 2012, The Cauvery Monitoring Committee, directed the Karnataka government to release 4.81 tmcft to Tamil Nadu between November 16 and 30, 2012 [22] On Dec 6, 2012, The supreme court directed Karnataka to release 10,000 cusecs of water to Tamil Nadu. SC has asked centre to indicate the time frame within which the final decision of cauvery water dispute tribunal(which was given in feb 2007) will be notified. This decision was given in the view of saving the standing crops of both the states. [23]